Tokyo lies in the humid subtropical climate zone (Koppen climate classification Cfa),[19] with hot humid summers and generally mild winters with cool spells. Annual rainfall averages 1,380 mm (55 inches), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually.[20] Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island; the city's population is a significant contributor to its climate.[21][22] Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate". Tokyo also often sees typhoons each year, though few are strong. The last one to hit was Fitow in 2007.[21]
Tokyo was hit by powerful earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855 and 1923.[23][24] The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people.
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